ACVIM Small Animal Internal Medicine (SAIM) Seminal Paper Practice Exam

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• What is the recommended method if 40 ≤ n < 120 with Gaussian distribution?
• Is ASBT mRNA distribution across segments concordant with protein distribution? (discordance)
• How did researchers determine that Beclin-1 was not a significant prognostic marker in untreated tumors?
• What is the normal NIBUT in healthy dogs compared with dogs with EDED?
• What was the P-value for Beclin-1's predictive effect in the chemotherapy-alone group among primary + recurrent MCT tumors?
• What is Aqueous Deficient Dry Eye (ADDE)?
• What characterizes meibomian gland disease (MGD)?
• Which statement best describes the purpose of fluorescein staining in ocular surface assessment?
• Which statement correctly defines endosteal lysis and periosteal-surface lysis only?
• Which virulence factor(s) of Fusobacterium are cited as primary mediators of its adhesive and invasive properties?
• How often should De novo RI should be reviewed?
• Because only a small number of bacteria were invasive within the intestinal mucosa, the researchers quantified bacteria in the remaining three mucosal compartments. Which compartments were used?
• Which breed has been reported to have meibomian gland dropout or shortening without clinical disease?
• What are the primary reasons for utilizing CT or MRI over radiographs when assessing bone lesions in the axial skeleton?
• Which statement best describes reactive bone spicules attaching to mature lamellar bone?
• Which imaging modality was used to assess the canine eye in the slides?
• Which statement best describes the role of CVI and CVA in the RCV calculation?
• Did the Patnaik grade scheme perform as expected in this cohort?
• After conjugated bile acids are secreted into the small intestine, what percentage is reabsorbed and where is the main site?
• When intra-individual variation is much less than inter-individual variation, population RI has poor sensitivity to detect what?
• Which factor can impact TFBUT results?
• What is the main treatment in ADDE?
• Which method was used to validate Beclin-1 expression in canine tissues?
• The method chosen for reference limit determination depends critically on which two factors?
• If limb sparing surgery is to be performed, what should be considered regarding bone biopsy?
• Overall fecal bile acids: what was observed?
• What does the analysis imply about Beclin-1's prognostic value when dermal vs subcutaneous tumors are analyzed separately?
• In cats with small cell GI LSA, what cellular markers correlated with higher Fusobacterium numbers?
• What were the sensitivity and specificity of cytology for diagnosing a bone sarcoma?
• In univariable analysis of dogs receiving adjunctive therapy for MCTs, which factors showed significant differences in survival when analyzed individually?
• What are the limitations to Rose Bengal staining?
• In the ileum image, where is ASBT mRNA expression observed?
• What were the hazard ratio values for high Beclin-1 in primary MCTs only and in primary plus recurrent MCTs?
• Is age a risk factor for developing MGD?
• For sample size 10 ≤ n < 20, which of the following should be reported?
• Beclin-1 testing could specifically help guide the decision to pursue adjunctive therapy for which 'gray area' tumors?
• Which objective included characterizing ASBT mRNA and protein distribution along the canine GI tract?
• Which class of drugs is proposed to be combined with current therapy to potentially improve outcomes in high beclin-1 MCTs?
• Which statement best describes Dixon's Range Statistic compared with Horn's Algorithm in outlier detection?
• What is the lipid layer thickness in healthy humans compared with humans with EDED?
• In the Patnaik grade scheme, what was the MST for Grade II dermal MCTs without adjunctive therapy?
• ASVCP reference interval guidelines include which topic?
• In mixed dry eye disease, evaporative dry eye disease (EDED) can lead to secondary aqueous-deficient dry eye (ADDE) through which sequence?
• Which is a listed cause of secondary MGD in humans?
• What was the median age for cats with inflammatory bowel disease?
• Meibomian gland dropout is best described as
• Which two bacteria were significantly elevated in cats with small cell lymphoma compared with those with inflammatory bowel disease?
• If there was overlap in immunohistopathologic features, which test was used to confirm the diagnosis?
• Which sequence describes the obstructive pathway in meibomian gland disease?
• Which sites received cumulative WSAVA histopathology scores?
• What is the process called by which microbiota convert primary bile acids to secondary bile acids?
• What technique quantifies meibum production by collecting lipids with a plastic tape along the inner margin of the eyelid?
• In the described sample, what best describes the periosteal reaction pattern?
• Which of the following are considered lower abundance locations for ASBT?
• Which statement best describes the relationship between histologic grading and KIT pattern information in prognosis for canine mast cell tumors?
• What is the major limitation of the Patnaik grading scheme?
• What is currently the most reliable prognostic indicator for canine mast cell tumors?
• Were age and weights statistically different between the CIE and control groups?
• For optimal use of the RCV in clinical practice, how should CVA relate to CVI?
• What were the two strongest correlations found when assessing ASBT expression, histopathological scores, fecal BA composition, DI, serum cobalamin, and serum albumin?
• Which scenario would most strongly argue against performing a bone biopsy based on imaging?
• Which grading scheme was developed for dermal mast cell tumors?
• How many CIE dogs were included in the study?
• What is the recommended method if 20 x < 40 with Non-Gaussian distribution?
• Which substrate is used with alkaline phosphatase staining to detect osteosarcoma in this context?
• Which statement is correct about ASBT labeling in control dogs?
• In the image, what do the arrows and asterisks point to?
• What was the proposed mechanism for the observed increases in CD11b+ and NF-κB expressing cells in GI biopsies of cats with small cell GI lymphoma and their correlation with Fusobacterium spp. numbers?
• What is the term for the homeostatic process enabling targeted destruction of damaged proteins and organelles?
• In the image, what do dark blue locations represent?
• What is described about the zone of transition?
• Which is NOT one of the four well-defined mucosal compartments for bacteria location?
• How has meibometry been applied in veterinary medicine?
• ASBT mRNA was located in what portion of the enterocytes?
• Which statement about basophilia and osteoid maturation is true?
• Which tear film assessment is most useful to distinguish aqueous deficiency from evaporative deficiency?
• Bile acid dysmetabolism is characterized by what in the study?
• What study design was used in this feline GI study?
• ASBT mRNA expression localization observed in the ileum is in which compartments?
• In Patnaik grading, which grade shows 3–6 mitotic figures per HPF?
• Which secondary bile acids are produced from cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid, respectively?
• What could explain why ileal ASBT protein expression in CIE dogs correlated inversely with histopath scores?
• What is the most commonly utilized diagnostic measure of tear film stability?
• What is a common reason for obtaining a nondiagnostic biopsy sample?
• What imaging modality offers excellent spatial resolution and is not limited by tissue superimposition for skeletal disease?
• Which of the following are advanced signs of EDED/MGD in dogs?
• Bacterial quantification was evaluated separately in which mucosal compartment?
• What are the key virulence and cancer-associated effects of Fusobacterium spp discussed?
• Which statement about II is true for guiding RI interpretation?
• What was the time frame for records inclusion?
• How does Beclin-1 expression change with disease progression in MCTs?
• Which antibiotics are associated with the most significant effects on tear film breakup time and meibum quality?
• In subject-based RI, what determines whether a difference between two consecutive measurements is statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05)?
• What does punctate staining on fluorescein indicate?
• How many cats were diagnosed with IBD in the study?
• Beclin-1 predictive effect is concentrated in which Kiupel grade MCTs?
• Which age-related statement is supported by the data?
• In dogs with CIE, which bile acid proportion was significantly lower than control dogs, and is this a primary or secondary bile acid?
• Which treatment for evaporative/aqueous-deficient dry eye disease (EDED) is nonpharmacologic and relies on heat therapy?
• Do both mutated and wild-type c-KIT MCTs respond to RTK inhibitors?
• On meibography, dropout and shortening of glands are observed along which eyelid aspect?
• Which of the following describes the fourth mucosal compartment?
• In adherent mucus compartments of the ileum and colon, which bacterial group was significantly increased in cats with small cell GI lymphoma as compared with cats with IBD?
• What tissue was used as the positive control for KIT staining?
• If the sample size is less than 10, what should be done with reference values?
• Which medication was first used for canine ADDE (KCS) that paved the way for human treatment?
• Primary malignant bone neoplasia is usually located in which region of long bones?
• In the Kiupel high-grade MCT subset treated with adjunctive therapy, what is the hazard ratio for survival for dogs with high Beclin-1 expression versus low Beclin-1 expression in primary tumors?
• Based on the ileum image, does the study provide evidence for overt bile acid malabsorption in dogs with CIE?
• Compared with Patterns I and II, Pattern III in KIT pattern carries what approximate HR for survival and DFI?
• What is the reported specificity range for ALP staining in detecting osteosarcoma?
• How many control dogs were included in the study?
• How should large specimens (limb-sparing surgery, amputations) be sent over to diagnostic lab?
• What is the current dilemma with Interferometry?
• Bacterial quantification was performed in how many representative mucosal fields per section?
• What was the histology accuracy for distinguishing benign vs malignant bone disease in the cited study?
• Which decalcifier is best at preserving immunoreactivity for osteocalcin and osteonectin?
• What method was used to assess spatial distribution of the microbiota in mucosal tissue?
• Which statement about Beclin-1 H-scores is correct?
• How does the location of primary vs metastatic neoplasia and fungal typically differ in the bone?
• What technique was used to characterize ASBT protein expression?
• What is the predominant source of tear lipids?
• Both dermal and subcutaneous MCTs were categorized into low and high grade using what subcutaneous mitotic count threshold?
• In osteosarcoma, is reactive bone present along with tumor bone?
• What technique was used to characterize the distribution of ASBT mRNA?
• What has been the only predictive marker that has been published to date in canine MCT?
• Can EDED and ADDE be distinguished based on clinical signs alone?
• What does a z-statistic of 1.96 in an RCV calculation indicate?
• Giant cell tumor is most frequently located in which bone region?
• Which statement best describes the Kiupel histological grading system as used in this context?
• Among cats tested for cobalamin, which group showed more deficiency?
• Which FISH probe was used for total bacterial counts?
• Colon ASBT mRNA expression in CIE vs controls?
• How was the final diagnosis of IBD or small cell GI lymphoma determined?
• What would improve the confidence with which reactive bone and tumor bone can be distinguished?
• How do Common (Multicenter) Reference Intervals operate?
• Which change initiates the obstructive pathway in MGD?
• Nonparametric methods are recommended for what sample size, and which fractiles define the lower and upper reference limits?
• The cut-off for Beclin-1 expression was determined using which software?
• What color does osteoid appear in tumor bone histology?
• What is the name of the technique in which the eyelid is everted and imaged using a slit lamp equipped with an infrared light or using a handheld imager with infrared capabilities?
• Within Dixon's Range Statistic, what does D represent?
• How is periosteal reactive bone formation oriented?
• What must happen during transference before clinical use?
• Which biomarker is used with ALP staining to detect osteosarcoma (OSA)?
• Which immunomodulatory drug is widely used in dogs for ADDE/KCS?
• In this context, is the punctate staining seen with Fluorescein caused by damage to the ocular surface leading to a complete epithelial defect or multifocal epithelial cell loss?
• What feature helps distinguish reactive bone from neoplastic invasion of the endosteal region?
• In the ileum and colon, how did Fusobacterium spp counts compare between cats with inflammatory bowel disease and those with small cell lymphoma?
• Within Dixon's Range Statistic, what does R represent?
• What are the three steps outlined in the process of autophagy?
• Cobalamin deficiency (below 300 ng/L) occurred in what pattern among small cell lymphoma vs inflammatory bowel disease cats?
• If multiple different morphologies of new bone or osteolysis are present within a single lesion, how is lesion ranking determined?
• What is the p-value reported for the ileum Fusobacterium difference between small cell lymphoma and inflammatory bowel disease?
• For patients with chronic disease, CVI should be established from what?
• Which two tissues served as positive control tissues for both NF-κB (p65) and CD11b+ cell staining?
• If II is above what value is population based RI sufficient?
• What is the normal tear volume on a dog's ocular surface?
• What is the difference between prognostic and predictive biomarkers?
• Among central osteosarcoma, periosteal osteosarcoma, and parosteal osteosarcoma, which is most common and most aggressive?
• Which technique was used to visualize the feline colonic biopsy and quantify the bacterial signals in the image described?
• Regarding ocular surface mucins, which statement is accurate about dogs compared with humans?
• In humans and dogs, how do sex risk profiles differ for dry eye disease?
• Which of the following is NOT listed as a cause of Aqueous Deficient Dry Eye?
• Which bile acid proportion was significantly higher in CIE and is this a primary or secondary bile acid?
• Would Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) therapy be successful in dogs?
• Fibro-osseous lesions commonly include which entities?
• For a sample size between 10 and 19, which action is recommended when establishing reference intervals?
• In bone lesions, metastatic neoplasia and fungal infections are more frequently located in which region?
• What is the normal TFBUT in healthy dogs versus dogs with EDED?
• Is NIBUT commonly used in humans or in dogs?
• What is a major challenge in using dogs as models for ocular surface disease?
• Which transporter mediates uptake of bile acids across the apical membrane in the ileum?
• Which factor contributes to MRI being less commonly used in veterinary medicine for bone tumors?
• Which pathway is suggested to link Fusobacterium to NF-κB activation in the gut?
• In humans, what is the normal TFBUT in healthy individuals versus those with evaporative tear disease (EDED)?
• According to the Boyd & Harris criterion, the CI should not exceed ____ times the width of the RI.
• Has tear osmolarity been assessed in dogs with EDED?
• Did stratifying tumors into more specific groups (e.g., dermal vs subcutaneous, Kiupel grade, or KIT patterns) improve Beclin-1's predictive value?
• In the Kiupel grade scheme, what was the MST for high-grade tumors?
• The mucosal microbiota study in cats examined the relationship to inflammation and which cancer type?
• Which histologic feature supports fracture callus diagnosis?
• A nondiagnostic bone biopsy sample is most often due to sampling which part of the lesion?
• In the context of the study, beclin-1's predictive value is associated with which tumor characteristics?
• What forms of heat therapy have been described for meibomian gland dysfunction and evaporative dry eye?
• Meibography is used to image which ocular structure?
• IBD and CIE may impair bile acid metabolism due to which mechanism?
• In the described image, what does the orange color indicate?
• In dermal MCTs, what was the HR for recurrence/metastasis in the high mitotic count group compared with the low mitotic count group?
• The study sought to investigate associations between ASBT expression and which parameters?
• Which marker can help differentiate Hemangiosarcoma from Telangiectatic OSA when osteoid is not obvious?
• In the ileum, how did ASBT mRNA expression in CIE dogs compare to controls?
• Which graph is preferred over box-plots or dot-plots for visualizing reference data?
• In RCV-based assessment, a change is considered significant if the difference between two results exceeds which value?
• If neoplasia is suspected but initial radiographs lack aggressive features, what is recommended to detect progression?
• __________ determines whether subject-based or population-based RI is more informative
• What was the main finding for Beclin-1 as a predictive marker in adjunctively treated tumors?
• In the feline GI study, CD11b+ cells are proposed to represent which cell type?
• Among dogs that did not receive adjunctive therapy after surgery, was Beclin-1 a significant prognostic marker?
• Partitioning is justified if there are at least 40 individuals within each subclass or if there are clear clinical reasons.
• Which three ocular surface staining techniques are described?
• What is reported about the statistical significance of ileal ASBT differences between CIE and control dogs?
• Which statement correctly describes the diagnostic performance of ALP staining for detecting OSA?
• Which statement about ossification in osteosarcoma is most accurate?
• What is the mechanism by which bile acids are reabsorbed in the ileum?
• What was observed about colon ASBT mRNA expression between CIE and control dogs?
• What are the three recognized KIT IHC staining patterns in canine mast cell tumors?
• Which cytopath features are highly suggestive of osteosarcoma?
• Which statement describes the correlation between ASBT protein and ASBT mRNA expression levels in the ileum?
• Cytoplasmic KIT localization in patterns II and III is significantly associated with what in dermal and subcutaneous MCT?
• What does a normal STT indicate about tear production?
• Which is a listed cause of secondary MGD in dogs?
• Why is radiographic surveillance valuable in cases where a bone biopsy returns a result of reactive bone?
• In Patnaik grading, which grade is characterized by well-differentiated tumors confined to the dermis with no observed mitotic figures?
• What is a reported effect of fluorescein dye on tear film stability during TFBUT testing?
• What is the key bacterium suggested for 7α-dehydroxylation in dogs?
• For nonparametric reference limits with n > 120, which combination defines the reference limits and associated confidence interval?
• What is the most common bone tumor in dogs and cats?
• EDED stands for evaporative dry eye disease.
• Beclin-1 testing is aimed at guiding therapy decisions for which Patnaik grade tumors?
• How did the dysbiosis index compare between the CIE and control dogs for the overall population, and what about the individual bacterial taxa?
• Do humans with evaporative dry eye disease (EDED) tend to have increased or decreased tear osmolarity compared with healthy individuals?
• In the ileum image, which technique is shown?
• In endosteal bone formation, how does slow-growing lesion appear compared with fast-growing lesion?
• Osteosarcoma is typically monostotic and located in which bone region?
• Beclin-1 is a key autophagy protein. Which combination correctly identifies its encoding gene and the autophagy step it primarily participates in?
• In dogs that received adjunctive therapies, was Beclin-1 found to be predictive of treatment outcome?
• What two types of variation are accounted for in the RCV calculation?
• Which statement is NOT a feature of tumor bone?
• What is the correlation between C. hiranonis and % secondary BAs?
• How has immunomodulation been evaluated in EDED?
• How is lesion morphology used to assess aggressiveness of a lesion?
• What is the composite scoring system called that combines both the intensity of immunohistochemical staining and the percentage of positive cells into a single numerical value to quantify protein expression in a tumor sample?
• How does noninvasive tear film breakup time (NIBUT) work?
• How did CD11b+ cell numbers in the lamina propria compare between small cell GI lymphoma cats and IBD cats in the ileum and colon?
• Fibro-osseous lesions are often classified as what due to microscopic overlap?
• What are the normal Schirmer test values for healthy humans compared with humans with EDED?
• Why did this study utilize FISH on mucosal biopsies rather than 16S rRNA sequencing of fecal samples to identify these associations?
• Which decalcifier is worst at preserving immunoreactivity for osteocalcin and osteonectin?
• Which of the following bacteria is correctly paired with its FISH probe?
• What histologic finding best differentiates inflammatory bowel disease from small cell lymphoma in feline intestinal tissue?
• In the dermal MCT cohort, high mitotic count was associated with what HR for death?
• Endosteal lysis on imaging is most consistent with which processes?
• What was the name of the technique used where small cores of tissue from many different paraffin-embedded tumor blocks are arranged into a single new block, allowing high-throughput IHC analysis of hundreds of samples simultaneously on one slide?
• What does ASBT stand for?
• How was CIE determined?
• For surface-based osteosarcoma, what imaging feature most helps distinguish it from central OSA?
• In the autophagy sequence, what step immediately follows phagophore formation?
• What was the P-value for the difference in Beclin-1 means between primary tumors and metastases?
• Which imaging modalities are replacing nuclear scintigraphy for cancer staging and why?
• Which description matches early fracture healing in the sample?
• Which approach identifies multiple outliers at both ends simultaneously?
• Among primary + recurrent MCT tumors, which treatment group showed significantly shorter survival in high Beclin-1 vs low Beclin-1 expression?
• In high-grade MCTs, what is the hazard ratio for survival for dogs with high Beclin-1 expression compared to low Beclin-1 expression in primary tumors?
• On non-contact infrared meibography, which description best matches the appearance of meibomian glands in affected eyelids?
• In area described as osteosarcoma vs early healing, what is the histologic appearance?
• What were the mean DI values for CIE and control dogs, and the P-value?
• What is the therapeutic implication of beclin-1 expression in high beclin-1 MCTs?
• Which statement best describes the cancer-associated phenotype of Fusobacterium spp?
• What is the most commonly performed tear film quantity assessment?
• Progression from feline inflammatory bowel disease to small cell GI lymphoma may be driven by which microbial-mediated processes?
• For which Kiupel histological group is beclin-1 most useful as a predictive biomarker, and why?
• What was the median age for cats with inflammatory bowel disease and small cell lymphoma, and was the difference significant?
• In the described bar graph comparing groups, which description best identifies the CIE group?
• Which statement best describes the relationship between neutrophil extracellular traps and ADDE?
• If II is below what value is subject based RI preferred?
• Median percent of primary bile acids in feces: CIE vs controls?
• In fracture callus, which is commonly present?
• What H-score cut off was used to determine low vs high Beclin-1 expression?
• What is the absolute minimum sample size for a nonparametric 95% RI?
• In cats, what is the estimated incidence of osteosarcoma among malignant bone tumors?
• Is ASBT mRNA distribution across segments in control dogs concordant with protein distribution?
• Dermis to subcutaneous tissue ratio is approximately?
• Which histopathologic pattern differentiates inflammatory bowel disease from small cell lymphoma in cats?
• What does CVI stand for in the context of the II calculation?
• Beclin-1 expression levels across primary, recurrent, and lymph node metastasis tumors show what trend?
• What is a key benefit of multicenter reference intervals compared to single-lab RI?
• Which spatial niche was the focus for identifying Fusobacterium distribution in tissue?
• What is the name of the technique that measures interference patterns of reflected light off the lipid-aqueous interface to determine lipid layer quantity and quality?
• Which test measures the amount of solutes in the tear film by assessing tear osmolarity?
• When initial imaging, signalment, and history are nonspecific for a bone lesion, what are the two primary diagnostic options for a clinician?
• STT stands for Schirmer Tear Test.
• To increase the probability of detecting a significant change to 90%, which statement is correct?
• Which statement best describes partitioning justification?
• Which histologic pattern most strongly supports reactive bone formation rather than tumor bone?
• What is is called when the RI is adopted from another source (e.g., manufacturer, reference laboratory)?
• What is the limitation of the Kiupel scheme?
• Which statement about mineral oil–based topical products is true?
• In the context of reference intervals, what is the purpose of validating an adopted RI before clinical use?
• In Kiupel grading, what was the hazard ratio for MCT-specific death in high-grade tumors vs low-grade tumors?
• Which tumor is described as having a popcorn-like radiographic appearance?
• Colon ASBT mRNA and protein in CIE vs controls?
• In this study, how is Beclin-1 expression quantified in tumor samples?
• Which statement best describes Beclin-1's clinical utility according to multivariable analysis?
• The study's findings suggest Beclin-1 is most clinically relevant in which treatment context?
• What is the recommended action if data are non-Gaussian and normality cannot be established after transformation?
• When is bone biopsy most helpful?
• Which two pro-inflammatory bacteria were hypothesized to be abundant in the intestinal biopsies of cats with small cell GI lymphoma relative to cats with IBD?
• Which statement about the relationship between reactive bone and tumor bone in osteosarcoma is true?
• On the fecal dysbiosis index, what does a positive value indicate?
• Across how many centers was the study conducted?
• Which of the following is a limitation of TFBUT when using fluorescein dye?
• In humans with IBD, ASBT expression is decreased due to what?
• Regarding Fusobacterium spp., were counts in ileal and colonic adherent compartments higher in small cell GI lymphoma cats compared with IBD cats?
• Which statement best describes Beclin-1's prognostic value across all primary MCTs not treated with adjunctive therapy?
• Interpreting the hazard ratio, a higher Beclin-1 expression in adjunctively treated MCTs indicates what?
• Telangiectatic osteosarcoma has been associated with shorter survival in some studies.
• Which statement about fracture callus features is true?
• Was there a correlation between any bacterial abundance and CD11b+ cells or NF-κB, and if so, what was the direction?
• Why are prognostic biomarkers that predict natural progression after surgical removal of a mast cell tumor particularly useful?
• Why was it proposed that in the proximal small intestine (duodenum and jejunum) ASBT mRNA is present but protein is not?
• Which statement about topical omega-3 therapy in humans is supported by the data?
• How does radiographic surveillance help differentiate between inflammatory/reactive and neoplastic bone disease?
• If outlier detection methods cannot be appropriately applied due to non-Gaussian data that cannot be transformed, which method is preferred for RI determination?
• Which approach tends to retain extreme values?
• KIT localization patterns II and III prognosis: which statement is true?
• Which radiographic description is associated with Multilobular Tumor of Bone?
• In the described ileum image, which label indicates the control dog?
• What is the lipid layer thickness in healthy dogs vs dogs with EDED?
• What is a documented use of ultrasound in bone tumor assessment?
• If 3-4 results fall outside the proposed RI, what is recommended?
• Under what conditions do cells undergo autophagy to recycle cellular components?
• In which context is Beclin-1 a predictive biomarker according to the data?
• Recent reports have noted which change in the radiographic appearance of MLTB?
• Which two markers were evaluated for mucosal expression in GI biopsies from cats with small cell GI lymphoma versus inflammatory bowel disease?
• Which Patnaik grade has the 93% survival at 1500 days versus 6% for the worst grade?
• ASBT transcription is downregulated by which mechanism?
• How are subject based RI derived?
• For Bacteroides spp., a significant difference between small cell GI lymphoma and IBD was observed in which compartments?
• Which markers showed brown chromophore staining in the lamina propria and epithelium to differentiate feline small cell lymphoma from inflammatory bowel disease?
• In Horn's Algorithm, the lower fence for outlier rejection is computed as:
• In the ileum image, what does the red color indicate?
• What is the main location ASBT is found?
• In the Kiupel high-grade MCT subset treated with adjunctive therapy, what is the hazard ratio for survival for high Beclin-1 vs low Beclin-1 expression in primary plus recurrent tumors?
• Canine dermal and subcutaneous mast cell tumors represent up to what percentage of all skin tumors?
• In the meibography image, what do the red arrows indicate?
• Intertrabecular spaces description in fracture callus?
• What is the characteristic radiographic appearance of Multilobular Tumor of Bone (MLTB)?
• What are the normal Schirmer test values for healthy dogs compared with dogs with EDED?
• Which of the following is NOT listed as a cause of Aqueous Deficient Dry Eye?
• What is the hypothesized biological role of beclin-1 in canine MCTs based on the findings?
• What does tear film breakup time (TFBUT) measure?
• P-value for ileum ASBT protein difference between CIE and control?
• When data are non-Gaussian and parametric methods will be used, what steps must be taken?
• Which Patnaik grade has 0–2 mitotic figures per 400 high-power fields?
• Which statement about MRI use in veterinary medicine is true?
• Which of the following features is listed as a sign supporting diagnosis of EDED and MGD in dogs?
• Which pair showed the only statistically significant difference in Beclin-1 expression across disease categories, with P = 0.001?
• Which two primary bile acids are converted by gut microbiota into secondary bile acids?
• In the adherent mucus compartments, how did Bacteroides spp. differ between small cell GI lymphoma cats and cats with IBD?
• Why is it important to identify a pathologic fracture prior to biopsy?
• What will the STT results be in dogs/humans with EDED?
• In ileum ISH ASBT expression in CIE dogs vs controls?
• Partitioning should be considered only if there are at least _______ individuals within each subclass or if there are clear clinical reasons.
• In the study, Beclin-1 levels in primary tumors were examined under which treatment condition after surgery?
• Can the Patnaik grading scheme be used for subcutaneous mast cell tumors?
• Which bacterial groups generate secondary bile acids and are they Gram-positive or Gram-negative?
• Which of the following is NOT a trigger for reactive bone formation?
• Which statement describes a major limitation of using ultrasound to evaluate bone tumors?
• In the discussed context, Evaporative Dry Eye Disease is the focus of the discussion in veterinary literature. Which choice reflects this focus?
• Beclin-1 is a predictive biomarker for which tumor type?
• Which statement best describes immunoreactivity preservation during bone decalcification?
• What effect did a canine fatty-acid cream have in a study on aqueous-deficient dry eye (ADDE)?
• Which four bacterial groups showed no significant difference in total numbers when comparing colonic and ileal biopsies between IBD and small cell GI lymphoma cats?
• What does the multivariable analysis conclude about the clinical use of Beclin-1?
• What microscopic feature best distinguishes reactive bone formation from tumor bone?
• Which of the following is NOT listed as a current prognostic indicator for mast cell tumors?
• Is osteocalcin a specific biomarker to distinguish OSA from chondrosarcoma in dogs?
• What mechanism did the authors propose for Fusobacterium promoting tumor growth in the GI tract?
• What happened when dermal and subcutaneous MCTs were analyzed as separate groups?
• In control dogs, ASBT protein had the highest immunolabeling in which intestinal segment?
• What is the simplest criterion of rejection for Dixon's Range Statistic?
• Compared to controls, CIE dogs showed what in ileum ASBT protein immunolabeling?
• Which method has been used to avoid exogenous dye influences on tear film stability?
• Which description matches fast-growing endosteal bone formation?
• Which statement about the origin of MLTB radiographically is correct?
• Which correlation was NOT a significant finding in the study?
• Which of the following is a test that can be used to determine if data are normally distributed?
• Why can a prognostic biomarker such as mitotic count, KIT immunolabeling pattern, and Kiupel grade appear predictive in univariable analysis?
• Within the same image, what does the fluorescent green color represent?
• In one study, what was the accuracy of cytology vs histopath for distinguishing benign vs malignant bone disease and tumor types?
• Which feature supports absence of tumor and presence of periosteal reactive bone in this sample?
• Beclin-1 predictive effect is concentrated in Kiupel high-grade MCTs. High Beclin-1 expression is associated with shorter survival in which grade category?
• What is the role of NF-κB signaling in Fusobacterium-associated cancer risk?
• What was the most common breed in the CIE group?
• Beclin-1 is a novel predictive biomarker for which tumor type?
• In dogs with CIE, ileal ASBT protein expression is decreased, yet mRNA levels do not differ. What are two potential explanations for this discrepancy?
• Which statement best describes the evidence for oral omega fatty acids in tear film therapy?
• Within the cellular compartment, ASBT immunolabeling is located in which enterocyte portion?
• Periosteal bone formation in slow-growing vs fast-growing lesions: which statement is true?
• Which ISH ASBT mRNA statement is correct?
• Which statement about ASBT is true?
• Which of the following are current prognostic indicators for canine cutaneous and subcutaneous mast cell tumors?
• In healthy meibography, how do meibomian glands appear?
• What is the primary purpose of obtaining a definitive diagnosis via biopsy in the context of limb-sparing or amputation decisions?
• Which statement about the evaluation of dry eye diseases in veterinary medicine is supported by the material?
• Subject-based RI are most useful when?
• In simple binomial validation, what should be done if outliers are found during screening?
• In histology images, which color is used to indicate ASBT protein?
• Which histopathological scoring system was used?
• In Horn's Algorithm, IQR equals what?
• Among the two strongest correlations reported, which had the higher correlation coefficient?
• What is it called when the reference population is subdivided into subgroups based on physiologic differences expected to cause clinically important differences in RI?
• Which two amino acids conjugate primary bile acids?
• The study aimed to compare ASBT expression between which groups?
• In dogs, anti-inflammatory therapy for MGD has been studied how extensively?
• How does ossification differ between chondrosarcoma and osteosarcoma?
• What does Evaporative Dry Eye Disease (EDED) stand for?
• What was observed regarding NF-κB expression in the lamina propria of ileal and colonic biopsies in small cell GI lymphoma cats compared with IBD cats?
• What is the recommended method if 40 ≤ n < 120 with Non-Gaussian distribution?
• In the Kiupel grading cohort, how many tumors were classified as low-grade?
• Which statement best describes using STT to differentiate ADDE from EDED?
• What are the two tiers of the Kiupel grading scheme?
• Which tumor type commonly originates in flat bones such as ribs, skull, pelvis, and scapula and can be joint-centered?
• Tumor type was successfully identified in what proportion of cases by cytology compared with histology?
• What does CVA stand for?
• In the subcutaneous MCT cohort, high mitotic count increased risk of death from MCT by approximately what HR?
• Which is the key feature of fracture callus outside-to-inside maturation?
• In humans, which bacterium is linked to an increased risk for colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, and oral squamous cell carcinoma?
• In multivariable analysis, which biomarker was the only significant independent predictor of survival?
• Which anti-beclin-1 antibody was used and how was it validated in canine tissues?
• Which statement about a lesion with well-defined margins is most consistent with its habitual behavior?
• What is the recommended method if 20 x < 40 with Gaussian distribution?
• What is the most useful prognostic indicator for subcutaneous MCTs?
• What does CVG denote?
• In order to survive the poor conditions in the tumor microenvironment, what do cancer cells do?
• What does short vs long zone of transition between normal and abnormal bone indicate?
• Where are these primary bile acids made and from what?
• Has mixed dry eye disease been documented in dogs?
• Where is osteosarcoma most commonly located in dogs?
• What correlations did they find when assessing ASBT protein, ASBT mRNA, and histopath grade?
• RI is rejected when how many results fall outside the proposed RI?
• RI validity is determined by how many results fall outside the proposed RI?
• Under which scenario might a bone biopsy not be required?
• Which statement best describes Patnaik Grade III MCTs?
• What is the II calculation?
• Which of the following statements about large-sample, nonparametric reference limits is true?
• What was used as the positive control tissue for Beclin-1?
• Which tear film stability test uses fluorescein dye?
• In a UK study, what percentage of bone tumors were malignant?
• Which statement about LipiFlow is true?
• When assessing the combined three ileal mucosal compartments, which bacterial group showed a significant increase in small cell GI lymphoma cats versus IBD cats?
• What are the names of the two important primary bile acids mentioned?
• Which antibiotic shows direct impact on meibocyte differentiation in vitro, distinguishing it from tetracyclines?
• ASBT mRNA expression localization in enterocytes, as observed in the study, is in which cellular compartments?
• What is the current stance on causality versus correlation in the relationship between Fusobacterium spp. and feline GI lymphoma?
• Beclin-1 expression across disease stages in canine mast cell tumors shows the only statistically significant difference between which categories and what is the P-value?
• Fecal bile acids were measured by which method?
• Patnaik grade II dermal MCTs with mitotic counts near 4 represent which category?
• Which imaging modality best identifies intracranial or vertebral canal involvement not clearly seen on radiographs?
• Which four bacterial groups were reported as NOT significantly different in total numbers when comparing colonic and ileal biopsies between IBD and small cell GI lymphoma cats?
• Which region showed not statistically different Fusobacterium counts in ileum between small cell lymphoma and inflammatory bowel disease cats?
• What is the reported sensitivity range for ALP staining in detecting osteosarcoma?
• Which heat-based therapy has been studied in humans but is unlikely to be successful in dogs due to hair around the periocular skin?
• How does simple binomial validation work and what is the number used?
• What is a major limitation of nuclear scintigraphy in bone tumor staging?
• In the Garraway 2018 paper, which myeloid cell plays an important role in tumor progression and angiogenesis in colorectal cancer and was examined?
• Which statement accurately describes why dogs serve as a good model for human ocular surface disease compared with some other species?
• How does the Kiupel scheme separate low from high grade MCTs?
• How many cats were included in the study, and how were they distributed between conditions?
• Does Beclin-1 predict disease-free interval for primary tumors alone?
• What is Codman's triangle and how has its interpretation evolved?
• What does CVI stand for in the context of RCV?
• What is the normal NIBUT in healthy humans compared with humans with EDED?
• What kind of lysis is described in the caudal aspect of the distal metaphysis?
• Which statement best describes the role of NF-κB in mucosal immunity related to GI microorganisms?
• Beclin-1 may help tumor cells withstand stress from which therapies according to the study?
• Where does Multilobular Tumor of Bone most typically originate?
• What statistical method was used to assess the correlation between bacterial counts and NF-κB or CD11b+ expression?
• In Horn's Algorithm, what is the upper fence value?
• Which transcription factor complex is activated via Toll-like receptor signaling in response to GI microorganisms and is involved in pro-inflammatory cytokine production?
• What was the minimum number of hybridized intestinal tissue sections that were evaluated for bacterial content?
• Damage to the meibomian glands would most likely result in which tear film change?
• What type of tissue preparation was used for bacterial content assessment?
• In dogs, what is the estimated incidence of osteosarcoma among malignant bone tumors?
• Beclin-1 does NOT predict which outcome?
• Are expansile bone lesions helpful in differentiating benign from aggressive disease?
• In diagnosing fibro-osseous lesions, which combination enhances diagnostic accuracy for the pathologist?
• Which of the following is true about ASVCP guidelines for reference intervals?
• Beclin-1 was exclusively found in which portion of the neoplastic mast cells?
• Beclin-1 is implicated in which cellular process relevant to cancer therapy?
• Which staining technique is used to show punctate staining when the ocular surface is damaged by tear film instability?
• What is the gold standard diagnostic test for Aqueous dry eye disease (ADDE)?
• What is the relationship between the percent of primary bile acids in the feces of CIE dogs and the fecal dysbiosis index?
• Which anatomical feature can interfere with TFBUT measurements in dogs?
• What is the primary mechanism of lipid therapy for the tear film?
• Overall, what does the dataset suggest about ASBT expression in dogs with CIE compared to controls?
• Which osteosarcoma subtype has been associated with improved survival compared with others?
• Which statement is NOT supported by the colon data?
• What does TMA stand for?
• Which statement best describes the reliability of osteocalcin as a diagnostic biomarker for osteosarcoma in dogs?
• In ADDE, which description best reflects the effect on the tear film lipid layer?
• Recent reports have noted what change in the radiographic appearance of MLTB?
• Which statement correctly describes the microbiota's conversion of primary bile acids into secondary bile acids?
• What does a rapid rate of change in an osseous lesion indicate on imaging, and how can radiographic surveillance assist in the diagnosis?
• What is Evaporative Dry Eye Disease (EDED)?
• How should increased Fusobacterium spp. in feline GI lymphoma be interpreted?
• Which imaging modalities are replacing nuclear scintigraphy for bone tumor evaluation, and why?
• Which microscopic feature is characteristic of tumor bone formation?
• Why were the control dogs euthanized?
• MRI is the modality of choice in human orthopedic neoplasia because it excels at evaluating what?
• What is a consequence of neutrophil extracellular trap formation in chronic ocular surface inflammation with ADDE?
• Which test finding has been associated with meibomian gland disease in dogs?
• In multivariable analysis, Beclin-1 immunolabeling had what P-values for primary tumors and for combined primary and recurrent tumors?
• If a canine mast cell tumor shows Pattern I KIT staining, what is the expected relative prognosis compared with Pattern II/III?
• Which statement best describes how NIBUT values change with EDED?
• In subcutaneous MCTs, was the difference in MST between high mitotic count and low mitotic count groups statistically significant?
• What did the paper mention is important to identify on imaging before biopsy to minimize risk of accidentally causing a pathologic fracture during the procedure?
• Which technique highlights meibomian gland dropout in humans and dogs?